Challenges and Opportunities of Achieving Consensus on a UN Reform Proposal

The change and change of the United Nations has been covered with impediments that must be defeated because of the serious national interests of the Member States. Because of the difficulties to be tended to and the chances to be tended to, Member States can agree on recommendations that may influence local and provincial arrangements and standards, conceivably influencing household, territorial and global relations. The proposition of the United Nations crisis harmony administration meant to react adequately and speedily to destruction and other helpful violations is no exemption. Since the late 1990s, individuals are looking for change of the United Nations. Be that as it may, there is little lucidity or concurrence on what change really implies. Individuals who wish the United Nations to assume a more noteworthy job on the planet circumstance and wish to confine their utilization to compassionate exercises or to decrease their utilization in any case to allude to their thoughts People's conclusions extend from the individuals who need to totally wipe out the United Nations to individuals who need to turn into a develop world government. Since the establishment of the United Nations, changes are progressing and are firmly identified with every Secretary-General. The change and change of the United Nations has been covered with obstructions that must be defeated because of the serious national interests of the Member States. Because of the difficulties to be tended to and the chances to be tended to, Member States can agree on recommendations that may influence residential and local strategies and standards, possibly influencing local, provincial and universal relations. - The old Greeks had numerous qualities ​​to make their development fruitful, yet the most significant thing was their locale mindfulness. The Greeks, particularly the great Athens, thought their choice as their locale, and they were keen on the circumstance in the nation. What is significant for them is that their general public is practical and beneficial and their own needs are regularly optional to the nation.

Roll of thunder hear my cry

Tailor's epic shows how bigotry and shamefulness proceeds considerably after when dark servitude was finished as it is a deplorable piece of America's history. Cassia encounters prejudice and treachery in the store at Strawberry since she was dealt with unreasonably since she needed to offer need to white individuals in the line Just as a result of the shade of her skin. In this paper, it will contain how prejudice and treachery Is indicated when Cassia was at the store, how It influences the peruser and the Intentions of the creator In this passage.Racial segregation Is the point at which you are demonstrating harsh conduct towards individuals from another race, For this situation It Is Mr.. Barnett separating Cassia. Unfairness Is appeared all through the section as white individuals were better than dark individuals as they were isolated by the Jim Crow Laws which gave white individuals more control over dark individuals. In the section, Mildred D Taylor shows that racial segregat ion despite everything existed during the Great Depression as Cassia was racially manhandled. For instance, â€Å"Whose little Ruggeri Is this! This uncovers Mr.. Barnett Is a supremacist individual as he Is intentionally considering classes a â€Å"Ruggeri† which Is hostile to dark individuals. The essayists aim to utilize the word â€Å"Niger† was to show that it was an elective word to call a dark individual and how it was utilized habitually during the Great Depression and the subjection times towards dark individuals. This causes the peruser to comprehend the word â€Å"nighð'â « was a word utilized each day and unpalatably towards dark individuals during the Great Depression.It was additionally so basic that white individuals felt it was okay to state â€Å"inning towards a dark individual since there was no ramifications for saying a supremacist word as dark individuals were mediocre. In any case, even Hough the word â€Å"Niger drove Cassia mad since she doesn't comprehend that white individuals were predominant during the Great Depression yet Stacey appears to comprehend and needed to acknowledge this as he is more seasoned than Cassia so in this way, he has encountered more things, for example, this occasion however inside him, he holds his indignation as he probably is aware the consequences.This makes an impact on the peruser as he/she would think this is abhorrent and appalling so hence, since Cassia cherishes making vengeance arrangements, the peruser would be excited implying that he/she will keep perusing to discover more. This slip by the peruser to comprehend that considerably after when dark bondage was finished, dark individuals were still consistently segregated with the word â€Å"Niger† as the Jim Crow Laws kept white individuals better than dark individuals. Mildred D Taylor additionally shows that Injustice despite everything existed during the Great Depression as dark individuals were not permitted to addres s/support themselves.For model â€Å"This lady your, Hazel? ‘ ‘No sun,' addressed the ladies docilely, venturing quickly away to show she didn't have anything to do with me†. This shows dark individuals wasn't permitted to support themselves in light of the UK Klux Klan as they undermined dark individuals. The Jim Crow Laws permitted white individuals to pick up prevalence over dark individuals so thusly; If a white individual slaughtering a dark individual, the white individual won't be charged implying that Injustice existed in any event, when bondage was done so dark individuals lived In dread as Hazel was â€Å"stepping hurriedly away to show she didn't have anything to do with† Classes.The essayist's Intention was to show that dark individuals wasn't permitted to support themselves so hence, they despite everything didn't have opportunity much after subjection was finished individuals. This encourages the peruser to comprehend that during the Great Dep ression, dark individuals were gagged by white individuals in light of the fact that there was a ton of shamefulness and prejudice towards dark individuals which made dark individuals sub-par. In the entry, dark individuals were not permitted to contact white individuals which made dark individuals substandard. For instance, â€Å"and pulled on his shirt sleeve to get his attention.He withdrew as though I struck him†. This shows some white individuals like Mr.. Barnett didn't prefer to be moved by dark individuals since he believes that they are filthy and nauseating as he â€Å"recoiled† when Cassia attempted to stand out enough to be noticed. From this, the's author will probably show that white individuals didn't care for being in contact with dark individuals as they might suspect they are excessively better than them during the Great Depression. The author additionally demonstrated that dark individuals was seen as messy individuals so hence, white individuals did n't permit dark individuals to contact them.This encourages the peruser to comprehend that dark individuals was separated as well as they wasn't permitted to contact white individuals which implies they didn't have opportunity as they couldn't contact white individuals and they were dealt with like foulness. The essayist additionally planned too â€Å"recoiled as though I struck him†. This makes an impact n the peruser as it gives a superior symbolism of how Mr.. Barnett responded when Cassia attempted to stand out enough to be noticed. On the off chance that a dark individual contacted a white individual, at that point the dark individual would be rebuffed and would presumably be lynched Just in light of the fact that he contacted a white person.This is like Emmett Till's case however rather he said â€Å"Bye, child' to a white female as he was leaving a store yet then he was tormented and killed as a result of what he said. This shows dark individuals had no opportunity as they could just do certain things towards a white individual yet rather white individuals would have the option to do anything to them. In the entry, Mildred D Taylor shows that racial separation and unfairness kept during the Great Depression as dark individuals were dealt with unjustifiably. For this situation, Mr.. Barnett regarded Cassia as a second rate individual so he advised Cassia to recover her â€Å"little dark self over yonder and stand by some more†.This uncovers that dark individuals must be served toward the end in a line which shows that dark individuals were dealt with unreasonably during the Great Depression as Cassia had to stand by longer despite the fact that she hung tight for some time. Mr.. Barnett likewise shows no regard towards dark individuals as he said â€Å"little dark self†. The's author will probably show that dark individuals was racially segregated in a shop as they were dealt with unreasonably and needed to hold up until all the whi te individuals was served during the Great Depression.This encourages the peruser to comprehend that even dark youngsters was racially separated during the Great Depression as Cassia needed to stand by longer until every white individuals was served however Cassia comprehends that grown-ups â€Å"ruled things and there was nothing that could be don't about them. † This uncovers Cassia comprehends things about grown-ups yet doesn't comprehend why white individuals are better than white individuals and furthermore made Cassia resentful as she was in effect so kind to Mr.. Barnett however Mr.. Barnett reacted rudely.In end, this entry helps the peruser from multiple points of view to comprehend the topic of prejudice and bad form, for example, seeing how life resembled being a dark individual during the Great Depression, how unreasonable it was and how they lived in dread, for example, when Cassia was racially manhandled by Mr.. Barnett. Foul play and prejudice is appeared all t hrough the section as Mr.. Barnett racially separates Cassia. The entry likewise encourages the peruser to comprehend the topic of prejudice and as when Hazel was frightened and must be hushed by Mr.. Barnett.

100 Words You Should Know

100 Words You Should Know As an adult English speaker, youre expected to have an extensive vocabulary that includes some words that are seldom used in conversational English. You should also be striving to improve your vocabulary. While all these lists are somewhat subjective, theyre a good way to see how good your current vocabulary happens to be, and work on some words you may not know. See how you measure up to this list of 100 intermediate to advanced vocabulary words every adult should know. Just to make things more interesting, Ive also peppered a few rather obscure words into the mix, and even though these may rarely be used, theyll make you an even more dangerous Scrabble player, crossword whizz or other word game player than you already are. Enjoy! 1. Acquiesce This word means that a person has agreed or assented either verbally or tacitly to something. Even when it is well understood, this word is often misspelled. 2. Aberration Sometimes, its good to be different, but the word aberration describes an unwelcome oddity. So, if someone accuses you of aberrant behavior, they arent complimenting your originality. 3. Abjure If you solemnly renounce something, you have abjured it. The word is used in baptism ceremonies in certain churches. The person being baptized declares that he or she abjures Satan and all his works. 3. Abrogate Abrogation is a situation in which formal or legal measures are taken to do away with something. This would usually be a law or a formal rule that is repealed or temporarily suspended. 4. Acronym This should have been an easy one for lovers of language. An acronym is an abbreviation consisting of letters. For example, U.S.A for United States of America. 5. Anachronism Im sure you will have encountered a few anachronisms during your life. An anachronism is something that is out of date and no longer relevant to the times. If you want to argue that something has lost its relevance by not changing with the times, you can describe it as being anachronistic or an anachronism. 6. Anathema No, its not a rather nice sounding girls name. It describes something that you vehemently dislike to the point of total rejection. For example: He is an atheist; all forms of religion are anathema to him. 7. Antebellum A thing that is described as antebellum was conceived or constructed prior to an important war. The plantation era before the American Civil War is sometimes referred to as the antebellum era, but the word can apply to anything that preceded a major war. 8. Anthropogenic Anything that has been caused by human interventions is anthropogenic. The word is usually used in the context of environmental degradation and pollution. Climate change, for example, could be described as an anthropogenic phenomenon. 9. Antithesis Something or someone that is the diametric opposite of something else. He was the antithesis of the frivolous millionaire playboy, would imply that the person was the opposite of what one expect from a happy-go-lucky millionaire. Perhaps he was very serious about current issues, or didnt like wasting money on status symbols. 10. Assonance This is the sound a donkey makes. Alright, Im kidding again, but it does have something to do with sound. It is a technique often used in creative writing and poetry in which similar sounding (but not necessarily rhyming) words are used in close proximity to one another. 11. Benchmarking Benchmarking involves selecting a certain state as being the norm against which other, similar things will be compared. For example, in vegetation surveys, undisturbed nature would be seen as the benchmark against which vegetation would be evaluated. 12. Bellicose This is a lovely word for describing people who are aggressive and even willing to fight over an issue. As you can imagine, bellicosity and politics often go hand in hand! 13. Bowdlerize This is a form of censorship that not only removes the portions of text some might consider risqué, but also weakens the work. The original Bowdler, published an expurgated version of Shakespeare. Nothing is added to the original text; but those words and expressions omitted which cannot with propriety be read aloud in a family, he wrote, blithely unaware that his 1818 work would turn his name into a byword for literary slaughter. 14. Chicanery Chicanery alludes to the use of dirty tricks in the financial, political or legal world. If you are ever accused of it, know that you are in deep trouble! 15. Chthonic You really wont see this word in everyday use, but its a killer if youre into word games! It refers to caves or the underworld. It is a synonym for the more well-known subterranean . 16. Cerulean You will no doubt have read about cerulean waters or skies and assumed that they were blue. You are right. Specifically, the word refers to a deep, sky-blue. 17. Circumspect If you are behaving with circumspection, you are watchful, wary or unwilling to take risks. One could almost say it was an antonym or opposite for bellicose! 18. Circumlocution Have you ever talked to someone who explains things in a roundabout way? They are guilty of circumlocution. They literally talk around a subject instead of being specific and concise. 19. Cogent The person who is guilty of circumlocution, should try to be more cogent. In other words, they should be clear, logical and convincing. When you present arguments, you will strive for cogency. 20. Colloquial This is the kind of language we use every day. It is the spoken form of a language, and is not appropriate when you are writing a formal text. That doesnt mean that colloquial words are wrong or bad. They are simply informal. 21. Conundrum A conundrum could simply be a riddle, but it is also used to describe any puzzling or difficult question. 22. Crepuscular This lovely word is used to describe things that resemble or relate to twilight. In its simplest form, it is used to describe creatures that become active at twilight, but Im sure you know a few people like that too! 23. Deleterious If something has harmful effects, they can be described as deleterious effects. Youll often find this word being used in medical texts and in psychology. Harmful is just as good, but this word is ever so much weightier! 24. Depredation My mom used to use this word to describe my brothers activities in the pantry. It describes an act of attack or plunder. Judging from the state of the grocery cupboard once my brother was finished, my mom described what hed been up to very well. 25. Didactic In its simplest context, this word describes something that was designed to teach a lesson. For example, a didactic story would have a strong lesson to teach. However, the word can also be used negatively to describe someone who is preachy and patronizing. 26. Egregious Think of all the words that mean terribly bad or shocking; thats what egregious means. Never did a difficult-seeming word have a simpler definition! 27. Enervate If you are feeling drained, weakened and tired out, you have probably been through some sort of enervating experience. There are good types of tiredness, but this is not one of them. 28. Enfranchise This means giving people freedom or the right to vote. Nowadays, we worry about disenfranchisement, a situation in which rights or freedoms are taken away. 29. Entomophagy This word is quite rarely used, but if we were to have a famine, or if certain exotic dishes became popular, we might need it. It means the eating of insects, and although it generally applies to animals and birds, there are plenty of people who eat insects as a matter of course! Any word with the suffix phagy or phagous refers to what an organism eats. 30. Epiphany An epiphany is an Aha! moment, but the word comes from the Christian festival celebrating the revelation of Christ to the magi. If you have a life-changing realization, it could be described as an epiphany. 31. Epitome A perfect example of something epitomizes it. Her life so far is the epitome of the American Dream, makes me think, Wow, I want one just like it! 32. Eschatology A lot of people discuss this quite heatedly without knowing the right word for it. It is a religious doctrine that deals with death, judgement, and what happens to the soul after death. And in case you were wondering I didnt know this word before I researched this article, but I thought we needed a few challenges. 33. Eschew Heres a useful little word that says more than it seems to. For example, you could say someone doesnt exercise, but if you say, He eschewed exercise, it implies a stronger and more deliberate aversion. 34. Evanescent If you have literary ambitions, this beautiful word is worth having in your vocabulary. It refers to something that is transitory, or that disappears or fades rapidly. 35. Existential The word structure says it all. It describes something to do with the nature of existence. If youre into philosophy, you probably use this word a lot. 36. Exponential There is a mathematical description of exponents and what can be regarded as exponential. Im not going to go into it here. We more often hear of it in a context that implies rapidly increasing growth. When you hear it, dont just trust it. Ask for the figures. 37. Facetious This is one of my all-time favorite words, and I have frequently been accused of facetiousness. It means making inappropriate jokes or taking serious situations too lightly. I wouldnt say its always a good thing, but sometimes, it helps, because there are times when we are way too serious about unimportant things. 38. Fascism What is it? It sounds great in political arguments, and the word is often bandied about. It is a type of nationalism that sprang up in Europe in the 1920s, and it led to some pretty authoritarian governments that were known for their right-wing views and intolerance. If you want to know more about the deeper implications of fascism, read some history. 39. Fatuous A fatuous comment is silly, inane, or just plain stupid. Save this remark for someone who really deserves it, and serve it up cold. 40. Fiduciary If you encounter this word, it will be in a legal context. It is the term used to describe a trustee who takes care of assets on behalf of one or more beneficiaries. 41. Filibuster The filibuster is a person who uses a dirty, time-wasting trick to hold up a legislative decision. Without breaking any rules, the filibuster speaks at great length without saying anything useful. The word comes from the old English for pirate, and it is not a good thing to be. 42. Fulminate Lets use an example: your teacher tells the class that the holiday assignment is a 10,000-word essay. After class, everyone discusses how furious they are, how unfair it is, and so on. They are, in fact, fulminating. 43. Hegemony Ever since people first got together to live in cities, there have been groups of citizens with differing cultural or social backgrounds. When one group politically dominates all the others, it is called a hegemony, and the term can be applied to any form of government that fits the description. 44. Heuristic If someone once helped you to work something out for yourself, he or she used a heuristic teaching method. You could call it hands on learning, but nobody shows you what to do. They just show you how to figure it out, and you get to feel great when you get it right. 45. Holistic The simplest definition for this would be to say that holism considers various factors that influence each other, and not just one factor, influence or symptom in isolation. The term is most commonly used in philosophy and medicine, but it is getting quite commercialized, and is sometimes used elsewhere too. 46. Homonym When two words are spelled the same, are pronounced the same, but have different meanings, they are homonyms. For instance, The man standing beside the pole is a Pole. 47. Hubris In Greek mythology, hubris was a state in which mankind defied the gods or thought itself better than the gods. Dreadful consequences predictably followed. Today, it means excessive pride or confidence that could lead to terrible consequences. 48. Incisive Have you ever tried to explain how you feel about something at length only for your listener to sum it all up in a sentence or two? Thats incisive thinking. It gets to the heart of the matter quickly, showing great insight. 49. Incognito Are you mysterious? Then you may like being incognito using another identity or concealing your own identity in some other way. 50. Inculcate This means teaching someone a principle or habit in such a way that the lesson is fully ingrained and adopted. 51. Interpolate Interpolating something means inserting it between fixed points. The word is often used to indicate that something has been added to a book or text. Perhaps there are images, or perhaps a third party has added information. It can also be an interruption when someone is talking. 52. Irony Too easy? Nevertheless, this word is often incorrectly used. Irony means saying the opposite of what you mean for effect. Sometimes, events can be ironic for the same reason: they seem to contradict each other. Many people confuse it with sarcasm. 53. Juxtaposition When two contrasting situations or thoughts are compared for effect, we have a juxtaposition. Its a useful technique in both creative and factual writing. 54. Jejune If someone presents you with a naïve point of view, seems to be oversimplifying, or has only superficial knowledge, you can use this word, both to describe their efforts, and to baffle them. 55. Lionize When you treat someone as if they were a celebrity, then you are lionizing them. Sometimes, we do this out of genuine respect for what they do, but sometimes, people do it to gain favor. 56. Lucubration The word lucubration could be used to indicate something that has been given a lot of study and deep thought, but its also a rather rude way of describing a piece of writing that seems terribly pedantic and overelaborate. 57. Malapropism The word malapropism was coined thanks to a 1755 play by Richard Sheridan. Mrs. Malaprop would often replace words with similar sounding ones with amusing results. If you talk about having danced the flamingo you are guilty of a malapropism. 58. Magnanimous When someone is very generous or forgiving to someone in a less powerful positon, you can call him or her magnanimous. Its a form of generosity that isnt really necessary, but that shows kindness. 59. Mnemonic When you use a combination of letters, a rhyme, or a set of associated things to remember a list of names or facts, you are using mnemonics. 60. Motif A motif could be something as simple as a design on a Tee shirt, or it can be a theme in writing or music. A leitmotif is a leading motif that is one of several motifs, but is dominant. In music, it could be a theme tune associated with a particular character. 61. Moiety In anthropology, this term relates to the groups into which people are divided during important rituals, but it has also come to mean a share, particularly a lesser one. 62. Nihilism Nothing matters, everything is trivial, even existence is questionable and could be an illusion. There is no God, and nothing has any importance. If this depressing philosophy appeals to you, you are a nihilist. 63. Nomenclature A nomenclature is a system designed for naming things. It could be a set of terminology, a term, or it could refer to a scientific naming system such as that used to identify all living things with two Latin names. 64. Nemesis You dont want to meet this person or circumstance. It is an inescapable agent that leads to your downfall. 65. Obfuscate Scenario: you have just been to class. Your teacher has explained something at length in terms that have left you totally confused. Scenario two: you ask a friend why they did something you dont quite approve of, and they give you a long story that leaves you feeling baffled. Words can be used to clarify, or they can be used to obfuscate facts. 66. Obsequious People are bowing and scraping and offering every possible tribute to someone in power. You have a feeling theyre being obsequious because of the servile degree of attention they are giving. 67. Oligarchy A small group of people with very similar interests have absolute control over the destiny of a country or an institution. Does that sound scary? Now you know what to call it! 68. Onomatopoeia Bang! Crash! Zoink. Kerflabaflabaflaba! Words that are meant to imitate sounds are examples of onomatopoeia. 69. Ontology What is the metaphysical nature of being? Do you have an opinion? Thats ontology! Dont even ask me about mine 70. Orthography How are words spelled? Thats orthography right there! 71. Oxymoron Im sure you know a few phrases that are contradictions in terms. Some say that military intelligence is one of them. Which oxymoron is your favorite? 72. Paradigm If you go into business, you will hear this word rather a lot. It means a model that governs the way things are done, and theyll usually be telling you that you need to shift it, or that there is a new one. 73. Paucity When there is too little of anything, you are suffering a paucity of it. Its most often used in relation to facts, but it works just as well and even more uncomfortably with funds. 74. Pecuniary How remarkable that this word should follow my last incisive remark! Pecuniary considerations are about money. Please do not use them as the sole basis for choosing a career. You will be unhappy, but will have achieved pecuniary gain. 75. Pedantic Sometimes, its good to be fussy or finicky about the way you present information, but if you go too far with it, people will call you pedantic. 76. Pedagogy Pedagogy is teaching, and a pedagogue is a teacher, but this old-fashioned word is often used negatively to describe someone who teaches rather boringly. 77. Pejorative If youre inclined to disapprove or disparage something, you are being pejorative. Pejorative words express disapproval. 78. Phonemes Phonemes are letters that distinguish very similar words from one another. For instance, pad, pat, bad and bat are distinguished from each other by phonemes. 79. Plagiarism As a student, you need to understand plagiarism and know how to avoid it. If you were to copy whole passages from someone elses work, thats plagiarism. Of course, plagiarism is something to be avoided whenever you are supposed to be producing original work. 80. Proletariat If you are an average working class person, you are a member of the proletariat. The word was extensively used in Marxist philosophy, but now its fair game for anyone to use. 81. Prolix When someone calls your written work prolix, you should not congratulate yourself. It means you have presented it in an overly complicated, wordy, or rambling fashion. Its also a great scrabble word. Just imagine the score if you hit triple word score with it! 89. Pusillanimous Cowards, the lily-livered and the generally timid may be deserving of a suitably disparaging adjective. This is it. 80. Quotidian You could use this word to describe something that is mundane or that happens every day. If youre looking for a synonym, try everyday for size. In medicine, it is used to describe a particularly nasty form of malaria. 81. Reify Never let it be said that we only looked at long words. This one means turning something abstract into something more real and easier to understand. 82. Rubric There are three meanings for this word. It could be a statement of purpose or function, a simple heading at the top of a document, or a note in a liturgical book indicating how a ceremony should be performed. 83. Sanguine I like people with a sanguine disposition. They are upbeat and optimistic. You can, for example, be sanguine about the future, your economic prospects, and so on. Of course, that doesnt necessarily mean you are being realistic! 84. Scurrilous Being scurrilous could mean everything from being humorously insulting to being downright libelous and spreading nasty rumors. 85. Sesquipedalian What could be better than a really long word to describe the use of long words? I have to admit, this is one of my favorites, simply because it seems so appropriate, and rather funny. 86. Soliloquy Nowadays, if you were to talk to yourself about what your thoughts and feelings, people would think you had gone mad. Nevertheless, the soliloquy has been widely used in drama to give audiences an insight into the characters thoughts. 87. Tautology There are two ways to use this word. A tautology could be an unnecessary repetition repeating the same idea using different words. It could also be used to describe logic that is undeniably correct and proves a truth. 88. Temerity When you need a word to describe an action that is outrageously cheeky or audacious, this word is perfect for the job, He had the temerity to decide I wouldnt mind him copying my work. 89. Ubiquitous Anything that is everywhere to be found or seems to be so is ubiquitous. Text speak is becoming so ubiquitous that it may soon be accepted in business letters. 90. Umami Your tongue can identify a number of flavors. Umami is a meaty flavor that is not sweet, sour, or salty. 91. Vernacular The language you speak at home, or the one spoken by a specific group of people in a country or region is its vernacular language. It also refers to architecture that focuses on what is functional. 92. Verisimilitude Is something real? Is it true? Are you unsure? Then you are doubting its verisimilitude. This word is handy because it combines the concepts of truth and reality. 93. Vitriolic When people are vitriolic, I either find it very funny (which they dont intend) or annoying. Vitriolic speech or writing is bitter, caustic and acerbic. 94. Ultracrepidarian Do you know someone who always has advice for you no matter how little knowledge he or she has? Now you have the right word to describe this person! 95. Unctuous Its usually very nice when people admire you, but sometimes you get the feeling that a person is being oily or insincere, and just wants to get into your good books. When this happens, you have just been the object of unctuous behavior. 96. Uxorious When a man is overly submissive towards his wife, he can be described as uxorious. Of course, she might just say thats just how it should be! 97. Vacuity I admire your vacuity, he said. Why, thank you, she replied, proving the point. Vacuity is empty-headedness and a lack of intelligence. 98. Xeric Generally, when we see the prefix Xero or Xer we can associate the word that it introduces with something very dry. A xeric life form can tolerate, and even prefers very dry conditions, and a xerophyte, is a plant that tolerates extremely dry environments. 99. Zymurgy This is a very helpful scrabble word, but what does it mean? Zymurgy is the art of brewing, wine-making or distilling. 100. Zephyr A zephyr is a pleasant, light breeze that youd welcome on a hot summer day. A passing zephyr rustled through the treetops. Ah! Poetic!

Fair Value Accounting The Gauge Of Reliability And...

The paper proposes research covering fair value accounting usefulness, the gauge of reliability and relevance in accounting through times of early development, financial crisis and recent views. This review aims to realize a comprehensive study of relevant literature in financial accounting with fair value as the main topic. The review attempts to answer the question Is fair value relevant and reliable for financial accounting? Does fair value signify decision useful information? What are the basic properties of fair value and its contribution to the decision usefulness objective? To achieve the proposed objectives, the review analyses †¦. Articles divided into three themes: various views of fair value accounting, are fair values beneficial for financial users and applications issues and recommended improvements. In this research the purpose behind each study in the field of fair value is important. Fair value accounting has become a crucial principle of measurement internationa lly. Much discussion covers the relevance and reliability of fair value. Therefore, constructing a review on this subject based on past research is to improve the literature. Theme 1: Various views on fair value accounting? Standard setters In accounting there are many perspectives on how fair value accounting is relevant and beneficial for financial users. In the eye of standard setters assessing the quality usefulness of fair value information is somewhat a common question for potential and currentShow MoreRelatedThe Financial Accounting Standards Board1621 Words   |  7 PagesFinancial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 157: Fair Value Measurements (FAS 157) to provide guidance about how entities should determine fair value estimations for financial reporting purposes. These guidelines coincide with the conceptual framework and provide a baseline for accounting professionals to gauge the true worth of an asset. 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Question: Discuss about the Capital Budgeting and Investment Analysis. Answer: Introduction The present report aims to present an analysis of the investment proposals that are considered by SD Ltd for investing in new machinery. The capital budgeting decisions are very crucial for a business entity in order to select the most profitable investment option that will improve the business performance in future context. The capital budgeting can be stated to be a step by step process that a business entity uses for determining the benefits of an investment project (Bhimani, 2006). The capital budgeting seeks to analyse the risks and returns of a project and thus help in selecting the most attractive option based on their accountability. There are various techniques of capital budgeting used by project managers for analyzing the profitability of a project that are accounting rate of return, payback period, net present value and internal rate of return. The business entities are able to select the most appropriate investment option as per their requirements based on the results of the capital budgeting techniques. The business entities can predict the future cash flows through the help of capital budgeting decisions for developing their potential growth strategies and objectives (Huang, 2010). The selection of a most feasible investment strategy is essential for business entities to achieving competitive advantage in the market place and thus ensuring their sustainable growth and development (Peterson and Fabozzi, 2004). The business expansion and development depends on the capital budgeting decisions and in this context this report evaluates the investment options presented before SD Ltd. The SD Ltd is considering to either implementing G120 or Z125 machinery for automating its production and thus reducing its operational cost. In this context, the report provides an analysis of different capital investment appraisal measures in order to select the most appropriate option. Critical Discussion of Usefulness of the Respective Capital Investment Appraisal Measures Recommendations for Selection of an Option Accounting Rate of Return It is also known as average rate of return (ARR) and is used for selecting the feasibility of an investment option. It is calculated through dividing the average annual accounting profit to be realized from a project by initial investment. The project is accepted if the ARR is greater than required rate of return (Baker and English, 2011). The main advantage of use of this method is that is easy to implement and to use for analyzing the feasibility of a project (Besley and Brigham, 2008). The method is not largely used by the project managers during capital budgeting decisions as it does not take into account the concept of time value of money that can impact the profit generated from a project with change in the interest rates. The ARR method is also mainly based on computing the profits that can be easily manipulated with the change in deprecation methods. Thus, it can provide misleading results during analysis and selection of different investment options. It does not take into ac count the cash flows realized from an investment proposal and therefore do not provide accurate results (Nwogugu, 2017). In addition to this, the method also does not take into consideration the increase in risks of the project over long period of time. The method also is not appropriate for comparison of different projects as it does not consider other factors that should be evaluated for comparison of different projects. The accounting rate of return for the two given options for investment in machinery is different as given in the table. The ARR for G120 is 18% and for the Z125 is 14.7% and therefore on the basis of ARR the SD Ltd is recommended to select the investment proposal of investing in G120 machinery (Wilson, 2015). The payback period is referred to as time-period required for recovering the cost of an investment. The payback period helps in taking decisions regarding to invest in a project or not. The longer the payback period of a project less it is suitable for investment purpose. The concept is very simple to be used and also to be understood. It can be calculated even without the use of a calculator. The method specifically emphasizes on the time required to recover the cost of a project and as such provides an assessment of its risk. Therefore, it can be used to compare the risks of different projects on the basis of their payback periods (Holmn and Pramborg, 2007). The method also has a drawback of not considering the concept of time value of money while determining the feasibility of a project. It only focuses on assessing the liquidity of a project and does not consider its profitability. The method does not take into account the cash flows that will be received after the payback period. As per this method, it can be said that SD Ltd should consider the project G120 for investment in comparison to Z125 as it have less payback period (Mushaho and Mbabazize, 2015). Net Present Value (NPV) The net present value can be stated as the difference between cash inflows and the cash outflows that is calculated for analyzing the profitability of a project (McClure, 2004). It is calculated through the use of following formula: The NPV evaluates the feasibility of a project through calculation and summation of all the discounted cash flows of a project that is either positive or negative. Thus, it is highly sensitive to discount rates. The project is accepted if it is expected to generate positive IRR and rejected if it provides negative IRR. The NPV method estimates the feasibility of a project on the basis of the cost of capital and the risk involved in estimating the future cash flows. The NPV method also is very useful for determining the expected value a project will create for a company (Bierman and Smidt, 2003). The project managers use the capital budgeting technique of NPV for calculating the cash flows of different investment options separately. However, its biggest disadvantage is that it is based on numerous assumptions about the cost of capital of a company. Therefore, if the cost of capital of an entity is considered to be very low it can result in making sub-optimal investments and it is very high then it can result in not selection of many appropriate investment options. As such, based on the NPV of the given two investment options for SD Ltd, the Z125 machinery investment option should be selected as its NPV is 420,194 and 284,864 (Bierman and Smidt, 2007). The internal rate of return (IRR) in capital budgeting decisions is used to assess the profitability of potential investment options. It is said to be a discount rate at which the NPV of all the cash inflows from a project becomes zero. It is thus used for calculating the breakeven point of a project. The most significant advantage of the use of this method is that it considers the concept of time value of money in analyzing the feasibility of a project. Also, it is simple to understand and so largely used by accounting managers in capital budgeting decisions. The decisions regarding the acceptance or rejection of a project in this technique is not based on the required rate of return. The major disadvantage of the method is that it does not consider the economies of scale Also, it does not analyse the profitability of a project on the basis of the project size. The cash flows are compared with the capital amount and therefore the projects with different capital investment cannot be compared as higher IRR will be obtained from a small project. The IRR method only emphasizes on the estimated cash flows of a project and does not consider the potential costs that can impact its future profitability. The method also cannot be used when the discount rate of a project is not known. As per the internal rate of return, the G120 investment option is selected in comparison to Z125 because it provides larger IRR (Brigham and Ehrhardt, 2007). On the basis of analysis of all the four capital investment appraisal measures, it can be said that SD Ltd should select the investment option for investing in G120 machinery because it has higher IRR, lower payback period and higher ARR. The lower payback period of G120 investment option indicates that it has minimum risk and therefore it will recover its cost of investment in short period of time. The accounting return of return is also higher which means that G120 investment option will help in generation of more net income in comparison to the other option. The IRR of G120 option is higher indicating that the rate of return of this option is higher in comparison to other. The NPV of Z125 is higher as it evaluates the attractiveness of a project for inviting on the basis of cost of capital. The Z125 is a highly capital intensive project and as such its NPV value is higher in comparison to G120 option. Therefore, the most appropriate investment option for SD Ltd is investing in G12 0 machinery for improving its production process (Megginson, Lucey and Smart, 2008). Reasons for payback favor to the G120 option and NPV the Z125 option in the given case As depicted from the given table, the payback and NPV method of capital budgeting used for analyzing the feasibility of the two given investment options have shown different results. The payback capital budgeting technique favors G120 option as it has lower payback time therefore it will recover its cost in small period of time in comparison to other investment option. On the basis of pay-back method, it can be said that G120 investment option is less risky as it recover its cost of investment quickly. The NPV method favors Z125 option because it provides maximise wealth to the shareholders as it has larger NPV than G120 option. The NPV methods calculate the present value of cash flows and derive the value of a project that will be added to the shareholders wealth. The overall analysis provided by NPV is based o the cost of capital (Peterson and Fabozzi, 2004). The assessment provided by the NPV method can be said to be more reliable and therefore the company can consider the selecti on of investment option for Z125 machinery. The NPV value can be said to more reliable as it analyses the profitability of a project o the basis of the concept of time value of money and also provides results by considering the cash flows to be realized at the end of a project. Thus, it predicts the best investment option for a company by considering the future changes in the market place (Pogue, 2010). However, the payback period method is considered to be less reliable than NPV method because the results provided by it have not considered the factor of time value of money. Therefore, the company can select the Z125 machinery investment option as NOV method is more reliable capital budgeting technique in comparison to payback method. However, as per my opinion in the given case the G120 option is less risky because the projects that have payback period less than 3 years are accepted on the basis of their less risk. The Z125 option has more risk as its payback period is more than 3 years. Therefore, the company by selecting the G120 option can reduce its risk and by realizing the breakeven point earlier can re-invest the funds for earning greater profits. Also, the investing in Z125 would require the company to invest its entire capital budget as it requires more capital (Pratt, 2003). Therefore, the company should play safe and is recommended to invest in the projects that have les s risk that is in G120 option. Both the option does not consider the project size and therefore on the basis of results of payback period and NPV value, it is suggested that SD Ltd should select the investment option of G120 because it have less risk. The company is not in position of taking higher risk due to capital budget constraints and therefore recommended to select the results obtained from payback period method (Shapiro, 2005). Analysis of Confidence of Finance Director in the given case about achieving IRR would in excess of 15% for both options of G120 and Z125 The IRR (Internal Rate of Return) is regarded as the discount rate at which the net present value of cash flows becomes zero. The internal rate of return is often selected as the best option to accept or reject a project if the other factors are considered to be constant. On the other hand, the net present value is said to be the difference between the present value of cash inflows and outflows. It evaluates the profitability by taking into consideration the value of a dollar in present with that in the future (Hsu, 2005). The NPV and IRR both evaluates the profitability of a project by considering the time value of money and are used in combination by the project managers for analyzing and comparing the investment options. The relation between NPV and IRR can be used to describe the reason for the confidence of finance director that IRR would be greater than 15% for both the investment options. The NPV of a project if is less than zero then IRR is also less than the cost of capital and the project will be rejected (Griff, 2014). This is because the rate of return of a project is less than the expenditure incurred during carrying the project and therefore it is not able to realize its breakeven point. However, if NPV is equal to zero, then IRR is equal to the cost of capital and the project will be probably rejected as it will provides less return (Al-Ani, 2015). However, if NPV is greater than zero, then IRR is also greater than cost of capital and the project is accepted on the basis of providing it large profitability. As such, in the given scenario, the NPV is calculated through applying the cost of capital to be 15%. The NPV of both the projects as evaluated are positive and therefore it can be said that IRR of both the projects will be above 15%. This is because the IRR is calculated at the discount rate when NPV becomes zero. Therefore, the discount rate of both the projects would be above 15% to arrive at NPV to be zero which is calculated at the cost of capital rate of 15% (Lunkes et al., 2015). Impact of the Investment Option of a potential purchase of new engine plant The evaluation of the third investment option of new machinery with cost of 2,080,000 and NPV of 140,800 for SD Ltd can be done through considering the following two assumptions: Assumption 1: This option assumes that only one investment cession will be considered by SD Ltd out of the total three options. In this case, there will be no impact of the given option as its NPV is less than the NPVs of both G120 and Z125. Hence, it can be said that in the case of company only selecting one investment option it will either choose G120 and Z125 (Venkatesh and Gugloth, 2017). Assumption 2: This assumption assumes that two investment options from the three can be selected. In this case, the two investment options that can be selected by SD Ltd in combination are G120 and the new investment option. This is because the total capital budget of the company for investment purpose in the new machinery is equal to the overall initial investment that is to be made in investing the machinery option of Z125, that is, 3,232,000. As such, the total capital budget that will be required for undertaking both the investment options of G120 and the given new investment option will be 3,19,2000. This is the summation of the initial investment for G120 and the new investment option. Also, the combined NPV of both the projects will be 425,664 that is greater than the NPV of Z125 machinery investment option of 420,194. However, the company cannot take the investment decision to invest in the given new investment option and the Z125 option. This is due to the fact that SD Ltd only has a maximum capital budget that is equal to the initial investment required for investing in the Z125 machinery (Bierman and Smidt, 2007). Therefore, it is not feasible for the company to undertake any other investment option in addition of the Z125 option. As such, it can be said that the company if want to select the two investment options then it should decide to invest in the new machinery of the given investment option and the G120. This will help the company to achieve higher NPV in comparison to investing only in the investment option of Z125 within its capital budget constraints (Kengatharan, 2016). Conclusion Thus, it can be said from the overall discussion held in the report that capital budgeting decisions plays a critical role for achieving success from a capital project. The capital budgeting techniques analyzed in the report, that are, accounting rate of return, internal rate of return, net present value and the payback period are very important for evaluating the potential worth of a project, These techniques provides a base for accepting or rejecting a project under consideration based on its potential profitability and returns. The SD Ltd should select the investment option from the given tow machinery of G120 and Z125 after thorough analysis of the results obtained from the use of capital budgeting techniques. This is essential so that the company can achieve its strategic goals and objectives which it wants to achieve through installation of new machinery. The results obtained from the capital budgeting techniques in combination with the business requirements would decide the se lection of the most appropriate investment option. References Al-Ani, M.K. 2015. 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